The principal stresses can be combined to form the stress invariants, I _ 1, I _ 2, and I _ 3.
2.
Therefore, from the characteristic equation, the coefficients I _ 1, I _ 2 and I _ 3, called the first, second, and third " stress invariants ", respectively, always have the same value regardless of the coordinate system's orientation.
3.
These deviatoric stress invariants can be expressed as a function of the components of s _ { ij } or its principal values s _ 1, s _ 2, and s _ 3, or alternatively, as a function of \ sigma _ { ij } or its principal values \ sigma _ 1, \ sigma _ 2, and \ sigma _ 3.
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